Intraoral periapical radiograph examination is the additional examination which is the most widely used in Dentistry. This radiograph examination using an x-ray ionizing radiation with low LET (Linear Energy Transfer), and may affect submandibular salivary gland. Ionizing radiation exposure can cause damage by inducing a series of changes at the molecular and cellular level. This study aimed to prove the effects of x-ray ionizing radiation with low LET towards the catalase activity of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland. The subjects were 28 male Wistar rats and divided into 4 groups (n=7). Three groups were exposed 4, 8 and 14 times to radiation with 0.002 µSv for each exposure. The catalase activity of each rat was examined by a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. The results showed the average of catalase activity on Wistar rat’s submandibular gland, respectively for: 0.150±0.0895 (KK), 0.1405±0.0607 (K1), 0.1228±0.0290 (K2), 0.1227±0.0556 (K3). Data showed significant differences of catalase activity between test groups, but showed not significant differences of catalase activity between each groups of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland. In this study concluded decreased catalase activity of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland resulting from x-rays ionizing radiation by 4 times, 8 times and 14 times exposures.

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease which characterized by a reduction in bone mass with deterioration microarchitecture of bone and degradation of bone tissue which can raise loss of bone. Osteoporosis is a problem related to the aging process. Osteoporosis process actually begin at the age 40-50 years. At this age, men and women will experience shrinkage process of bone mass. in women, this process faster after menopause and is more common in women than men. The technique can be used to detect osteoporosis by performing panoramic radiographic examination techniques. Panoramic radiography is a technique for generating photo of facial structures, including the maxillary bone, mandibular and other support structures. To detect the presence of osteoporosis in elderly women using Panoramic Radiography Techniques. The subjects of this study is image results of a panoramic radiography with vulnerable women aged 50-70> obtained from the Hospital Radiology section of Unhas, Mental Index measurement is then performed on image results of the panoramic radiographs. Overall regardless of age , the prevalence of osteoporosis reached 10 % per 100 population . ( P > 0.05). In detecting osteoporosis in elderly women, panoramic radiography can be applied. The index used is Mental Index, an index of panoramic radiography has been developed to detect osteoporosis.

Tooth extraction is a simple procedure that is frequently performed in the practice of dentistry. Bleeding is a common complications of tooth extraction. There are several materials or methods that may be used to control the bleeding. To minimize side effect, it might need natural ingredients as a replacement. Tannin and flavonoid is a compounds that can reduce bleeding time. Green tea and black tea are plants that have these compounds with different concentrations. Aims of this study is to determine the differences in the effectiveness of water steeping green tea leaves and black tea leaves as a hemostasis effect on wound cut-tail mice (Mus musculus). This is an experimental research with study design post-test only control group design. Samples were 30 male mice which divided into three groups. One negative control group (aquadest) and two treatment group (green tea and black tea). Mice that match the criteria is cutted the tail equal to 3 mm from the tip of the tail, then the ingredients is applied to the wound. Blood is dripped on absorbent paper until bleeding stop and data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis. There are significant differences between negative control group and the treatment group. In the treatment groups there were significant differences in the bleeding time between green tea group and black tea group. As a conclusion, water steeping from green tea leaves have a better effect than black leaves tea as hemostasis on wound cut-tail mice.

Local anesthesia is important to do prior to tooth extraction procedure to control the patient's pain. Local anesthetic technique in dentistry consists of topical, infiltration, and anesthetic blocks. For molar tooth extraction, mandibular block technique is used either direct or indirect. This study aimed to see if there are differences in effectiveness of inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia techniques between direct and indirect. This clinical experimental design study used 20 patients as samples during February-April. 10 patients were taken as a group that carried out direct technique while 10 others group conducted indirect techniques. The sample selection using purposive sampling method. Pain level were measured using objective assessments (pain experienced by the patient after a given stimulus) and subjective evaluation (thick taste perceived by the patient). The average time of onset in direct and indirect techniques in each sample was 16.88 ± 5.30 and 102.00 ± 19.56 seconds (subjectively) and 22.50 ± 8.02 and 159.00 ± 25.10 (objectively). These results indicated direct techniques onset faster than indirect techniques. The average duration of direct and indirect techniques respectively was 121.63 ± 8.80 and 87.80 ± 9.96 minutes (subjectively) and 91.88 ± 8.37 and 60.20 ± 10.40 minutes (objectively). These results indicated the duration of direct technique is longer than indirect technique. There was no significant difference when viewed from anesthesia depth and aspiration level. This study indicated that direct technique had better effect than indirect technique in terms of onset and duration, while in terms of anesthesia depth and aspiration level was relatively equal. Insignificant differences were obtained when assessing anesthetic technique successful rate based on gender, age and extracted tooth.

Prosthodontic treatment aims to restore the chewing function (rehabilitation) and to prevent tooth decay and bone resorption (preventive and conservative). As an example, treatment by overdenture and Richmond crown. Overdenture is a partial or complete removable denture covered and supported by one or more teeth, the tooth roots and/or dental implants. Richmond crown is fixed denture by post and crown system, in which the post part goes into the root canal and its crown covers the entire of original tooth crown surface. By retaining the original teeth and/or roots, it could improve the stability and retention of the denture, and defend proprioseptic of teeth and vertical dimensions. To provide information about preventive prosthodontic treatment and prevention by using overdenture and Richmond crown. Case Report: A 50 year old woman only has 44 teeth on the mandible which is indicated for the overdenture construction and loss teeth 13, 14, 17 and 27 on the maxilla with deep caries in teeth 22 which is indicated for a removable partial denture (RPDs) construction by Richmond crown gear 22. On an early stage study, printing models is done. Then treatment of the root canal on teeth 22 and 44, followed by root canal preparation, core construction (cast post) and Richmond crown on tooth 22 and bareroot preparation on tooth 44 for overdenture construction. The procedure followed by printing, recording bite to insertion. Choosing treatment either overdenture or Richmond crown is very important because it could mantain remain original teeth, thus it can help to improve the retention and stabilization.

Left untreated or not properly managed odontogenic infection can cause spreading into facial spaces. Severe oral and maxillofacial infection can spread systemically and cause sepsis.¹ Sepsis can induce unfavorable condition for the kidney, which is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI).^2,3 The aim of this paper is to report a rare case of an oral and maxillofacial  infection with sepsis-induced AKI and upper airway obstruction which have high mortality rate. The standard treatment consists of proper monitoring of vital function, fluid resuscitation, drainage of accumulated purulence, empirical use of antibiotics chosen to cover the spectrum of potential pathogens until culture results are available, and supplemental oxygen.^1,4 This is a case report of  a 48 year old female patient with oral and maxillofacial infection suffers sepsis-induced AKI and upper airway  obstruction. This patient was diagnosed as right submandibular abscess  which has extended into right buccal space, with sepsis, stage I AKI, and upper airway obstruction due to retropharyngeal abscess. We managed this patient with oxygenation, fluid resuscitation, antibiotics and analgesic administration, incision and drainage, and also extraction of mandibular right third molar. Tracheostomy, incision and drainage of retropharyngeal abscess were supposed to be performed by ENT department, but the patient refused. However the patient still survived. In case of oral and maxillofacial infection, the involvement of distant organ should be investigated, because this conditions result in high mortality rate. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are important and able to lead to a better survival. 

Prosthetic rehabilitation is the rehabilitation process of masticatory and esthetics function for patients missing teeth and alveolar bone by means of manufacture and installation of dentures. The prosthetic rehabilitation commonly used include denture adhesive bridge, fixed-fixed bridge, as well as telescopic overdenture. Adhesive bridge is bridge denture consisting of single pontic and two retainer wings attached to the abutment using cement or resin. Fixed-fixed bridge is a bridge denture with rigid connectors on both ends of the pontics, whereas the telescopic crown Overdenture is a removable denture that uses linked precision on the original tooth in the form of primary coping on abutment and secondary coping on the denture. To expose the procedures of prosthetic rehabilitation using adhesive bridge and fixed-fixed bridge on the maxilla and telescopic crown Overdenture on mandible. Male patients aged 32 years came with complaints of difficulty to chew food because he had lost some teeth behind. In the maxilla, teeth are lost in the region of 15 and 16 performed by making the fixed-fixed bridge with abutment teeth 14 and 17. Loss of teeth in the region of 26, performed the manufacture of adhesive bridge with a box preparation on the occlusal 25 and 27. In the mandible, tooth loss in the region of 36,37,46, and 47 performed manufacture of telescopic crown Overdenture with primer coping on the teeth 35.38, 45, and 48 and the secondary coping on a metal frame. Prosthetic rehabilitation especially in the case of loss of back teeth is very important because with the denture patients can chew properly and maintain the stomatognathic system.